Ludwig van Beethoven – Egmont Overture, Op. 84 (Long Beach Symphony’s inaugural piece in 1934)
There are no two greater icons of 19th century German culture than Ludwig van Beethoven and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Goethe, 21 years Beethoven’s senior, had such sweeping influence over German culture in his day that the many decades encompassing his life’s work are today referred to as the Goethezeit, the “Age of Goethe.” Beethoven, for his part, greatly respected and revered his elder, exalting him effusively in his letters to others and finally, in 1812, in a letter to Goethe himself.
When in 1809 Beethoven was engaged by the Court Theaters in Vienna to compose incidental music for a revival of Goethe’s 1787 play “Egmont in Weimar,” he could not have been happier, and the distinguished playwright was equally satisfied with his selection. While the two had never met in person, Goethe praised Beethoven’s artistry, saying “Beethoven has done wonders matching music to the text.”
The Egmont of Goethe’s play was a real 16th century Dutch noble and, in the end, a martyr who sacrificed his life defending the rights of his people from the cruelty of an unjust Spanish overlord, the Duke of Alba. As the story goes, after numerous valiant but unsuccessful attempts to protect his countrymen and dissuade the overlord from further cruelty, Count Egmont is imprisoned and sentenced to death. As he faces the guillotine, he cries out that his death will not be in vain if it inspires the people to rise up and honor his sacrifice by continuing his battle over injustice. Egmont’s commitment to fight for his subjects’ rights had great appeal for Beethoven, whose own personal philosophy supported equality among men and opposed the nobles and monarchy. Egmont’s selfless valor, and the actual uprising that did actually ensue, inspired the “Victory Symphony” theme that concludes the Egmont overture, reflecting a passionate jubilation in dying for a righteous cause.
Fun fact: Beethoven came honestly by his disdain for royals and nobility. His surname, van Beethoven, gives us a clue. The “van” (not “von”) signals that his family was originally Dutch before settling in Germany; furthermore, it does not indicate any German noble connections, as “von” typically would. What does this variant in his surname reveal about Beethoven’s lineage? It tells us that this great composer was the descendant of Dutch beet farmers!
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Anna Clyne – Quarter Days WEST COAST PREMIERE – String Quartet
Anna Clyne is among the most often performed living composers, all the more interesting given that she came very late to composition as her life’s work. Before beginning serious studies in composition at the age of 20, she pursued other paths and intended to seek a degree in literature. All that changed when she performed Mussorgsky’s “Pictures at an Exhibition” (her main instrument is cello) and realized that music was her true calling.
Clyne takes inspiration for her work from many phenomena and disciplines, including her love of literature and, especially, poetry. The work on tonight’s program, Quarter Days, was inspired by T.S. Eliot’s poem Burnt Norton, the first of four spiritual, mystical poems that together comprise The Four Quartets. Each of these four poems, which the poet considered his best work, is named after a place or location that carried deep personal and emotional meaning. Burnt Norton, an abandoned countryside estate that Eliot visited with a platonic lady friend, was built on the site of a former manor that was destroyed by the suicidal arson of its 18th century owner.
Clyne takes this poem and its meditation on the passage of time – minutes, hours, days, years – and weaves a lush orchestral tapestry of melody, memory, and emotion. The piece is split into four movements: Autumn Equinox, Winter Solstice, Spring Equinox, Summer Solstice. Says the composer, “The Solstices divide the year in half and the equinoxes into quarters. The “quarter days”, which have been observed at least since the Middle Ages…Quarter Days is a reflection on the passing of time.”
Burnt Norton (No. 1 of ‘Four Quartets’ by T.S. Eliot – excerpt)
Time present and time past
Are both perhaps present in time future,
And time future contained in time past.
If all time is eternally present
All time is unredeemable.
T.S. Eliot’s entire poem Burnt Norton, along with the other three poems that comprise The Four Quartets, may be enjoyed at http://www.coldbacon.com/poems/fq.html
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Antonín Dvořák – “Goin’ Home” (text by Fisher) and Symphony No. 9, “From the New World”
From 1892 to 1895, Antonín Dvořák was Director of the newly established National Conservatory of Music of America. He was invited to travel to the U.S. by wealthy philanthropist and Conservatory founder Jeannette Thurber, herself a trained musician who had a dream of creating a distinguished institution of musical training to rival those in Europe where she had studied, but with a distinctly American flavor. She chose Dvořák because of his worldwide recognition, which drew respect and conveyed stature, and for his formidable musical knowledge and reputation for pedagogy, but also because he was known to have an appreciation for the musical heritage of individual cultures. His reputation as a “nationalistic” composer was already established through his orchestral and voice compositions incorporating folk tunes and melodies. He accepted.
Dvořák did not disappoint. He embraced the history and traditions, sensibilities, and music of both Indigenous Americans – he was reportedly already acquainted with Longfellow’s seminal poem Hiawatha – and the Negro slaves whose musical signature is the Spiritual. He also took great pleasure in the vast open spaces of America, traveling widely and wondering at the natural beauty he encountered. All these uniquely American elements found places in the music he composed during his employment at the Conservatory.
Symphony No. 9, “From the New World,” incorporates many of these influences, including flavors of both Negro spirituals and indigenous tunes and rhythms. It was a major triumph at its 1893 New York premiere. The composer is on record saying, “I tried to write only in the spirit of those national American melodies.”
One of Dvořák’s students at the Conservatory was the composer and, later, teacher of harmony, William Arms Fisher. Fisher shared Dvořák’s love for American musical themes and became their devoted advocate throughout his long musical career. A 1927 NAACP article called him, “a worthy pupil and disciple of Dvořák.” His arrangement of Goin’ Home, based on a melancholy theme in the 2nd movement of the New World Symphony, was published in 1922.
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Susan Swinburne has been a lover and student of music since demanding piano lessons at age six. Her work in orchestra managment has enriched her life personally and professionally for the past three decades. A frequent patron of concert halls throughout Southern California, she lives, listens, writes, and researches in the South Bay.